Updating to 0.8

In the following, instructions are provided for porting your code from rand 0.7 and rand_distr 0.2 to rand 0.8 and rand_distr 0.3.

Dependencies

Rand crates now require rustc version 1.36.0 or later. This allowed us to remove some unsafe code and simplify the internal cfg logic.

The dependency on getrandom was bumped to version 0.2. While this does not affect Rand's API, you may be affected by some of the breaking changes even if you use getrandom only as a dependency:

• You may have to update the getrandom features you are using. The following features are now available:
  • "rdrand": Use the RDRAND instruction on no_std x86/x86_64 targets.
  • "js": Use JavaScript calls on wasm32-unknown-unknown. This replaces the stdweb and wasm-bindgen features, which are removed.
  • "custom": Allows you to specify a custom implementation.
• Unsupported targets no longer compile. If you require the previous behavior (panicking at runtime instead of failing to compile), you can use the custom feature to provide a panicking implementation.
• Windows XP and stdweb are, as of getrandom version 0.2.1, no longer supported. If you require support for either of these platforms you may add a dependency on getrandom = "=0.2.0" to pin this version.
• Hermit, L4Re and UEFI are no longer officially supported. You can use the rdrand feature on these platforms.
• The minimum supported Linux kernel version is now 2.6.32.

If you are using getrandom's API directly, there are further breaking changes that may affect you. See its changelog.

Serde has been re-added as an optional dependency (use the serde1 feature flag), supporting many types (where appropriate). StdRng and SmallRng are deliberately excluded since these types are not portable.

Core features

ThreadRng

ThreadRng no longer implements Copy. This was necessary to fix a possible use-after-free in its thread-local destructor. Any code relying on ThreadRng being copied must be updated to use a mutable reference instead. For example,

use rand_0_7::distributions::{Distribution, Standard};
let rng = rand_0_7::thread_rng();
let a: u32 = Standard.sample_iter(rng).next().unwrap();
let b: u32 = Standard.sample_iter(rng).next().unwrap();

can be replaced with the following code:

extern crate rand;
use rand_0_8::prelude::*;
use rand_0_8::distributions::Standard;
fn main () {
let mut rng = thread_rng();
let a: u32 = Standard.sample_iter(&mut rng).next().unwrap();
let b: u32 = Standard.sample_iter(&mut rng).next().unwrap();
}

gen_range

Rng::gen_range now takes a Range instead of two numbers. Thus, replace gen_range(a, b) with gen_range(a..b). We suggest using the following regular expression to search-replace in all files:

• replace gen_range\(([^,]*),\s*([^)]*)\)
• with gen_range(\1..\2)
• or with gen_range($1..$2) (if your tool does not support backreferences)

Most IDEs support search-replace-across-files or similar; alternatively an external tool such as Regexxer may be used.

This change has a couple of other implications:

• inclusive ranges are now supported, e.g. gen_range(1..=6) or gen_range('A'..='Z')
• it may be necessary to explicitly dereference some parameters
• SIMD types are no longer supported (Uniform types may still be used directly)

fill

The AsByteSliceMut trait was replaced with the Fill trait. This should only affect code implementing AsByteSliceMut on user-defined types, since the Rng::fill and Rng::try_fill retain support for previously-supported types.

Fill supports some additional slice types which could not be supported with AsByteSliceMut: [bool], [char], [f32], [f64].

adapter

The entire rand::rngs::adapter module is now restricted to the std feature. While this is technically a breaking change, it should only affect no_std code using ReseedingRng, which is unlikely to exist in the wild.

Generators

StdRng has switched from the 20-round ChaCha20 to ChaCha12 for improved performance. This is a reduction in complexity but the 12-round variant is still considered secure: see rand#932. This is a value-breaking change for StdRng.

SmallRng now uses the Xoshiro128++ and Xoshiro256++ algorithm on 32-bit and 64-bit platforms respectively. This reduces correlations of random data generated from similar seeds and improves performance. It is a value-breaking change.

We now implement PartialEq and Eq for StdRng, SmallRng, and StepRng.

Distributions

Several smaller changes occurred to rand distributions:

• The Uniform distribution now additionally supports the char type, so for example rng.gen_range('a'..='f') is now supported.
• UniformSampler::sample_single_inclusive was added.
• The Alphanumeric distribution now samples bytes instead of chars. This more closely reflects the internally used type, but old code likely has to be adapted to perform the conversion from u8 to char. For example, with Rand 0.7 you could write:

  use rand_0_7::{distributions::Alphanumeric, Rng};
  let mut rng = rand_0_7::thread_rng();
  let chars: String = std::iter::repeat(())
      .map(|()| rng.sample(Alphanumeric))
      .take(7)
      .collect();

  With Rand 0.8, this is equivalent to the following:

  extern crate rand;
  use rand_0_8::{distributions::Alphanumeric, Rng};
  fn main() {
  let mut rng = rand_0_8::thread_rng();
  let chars: String = std::iter::repeat(())
      .map(|()| rng.sample(Alphanumeric))
      .map(char::from)
      .take(7)
      .collect();
  println!("chars = \"{chars}\"");
  }

• The alternative implementation of WeightedIndex employing the alias method was moved from rand to rand_distr::weighted_alias::WeightedAliasIndex. The alias method is faster for large sizes, but it suffers from a slow initialization, making it less generally useful.

In rand_distr v0.4, more changes occurred (since v0.2):

• rand_distr::weighted_alias::WeightedAliasIndex was added (moved from the rand crate)
• rand_distr::InverseGaussian and rand_distr::NormalInverseGaussian were added
• The Geometric and Hypergeometric distributions are now supported.
• A different algorithm is used for the Beta distribution, improving both performance and accuracy. This is a value-breaking change.
• The Normal and LogNormal distributions now support a from_mean_cv constructor method and from_zscore sampler method.
• rand_distr::Dirichlet now uses boxed slices internally instead of Vec. Therefore, the weights are taken as a slice instead of a Vec as input. For example, the following rand_distr 0.2 code

  use rand_distr_0_2::Dirichlet;
  Dirichlet::new(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0]).unwrap();

  can be replaced with the following rand_distr 0.3 code:

  use rand_distr_0_4::Dirichlet;
  Dirichlet::new(&[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]).unwrap();

• rand_distr::Poisson does no longer support sampling u64 values directly. Old code may have to be updated to perform the conversion from f64 explicitly.
• The custom Float trait in rand_distr was replaced with num_traits::Float. Any implementations of Float for user-defined types have to be migrated. Thanks to the math functions from num_traits::Float, rand_distr now supports no_std.

Additionally, there were some minor improvements:

• The treatment of rounding errors and NaN was improved for the WeightedIndex distribution.
• The rand_distr::Exp distribution now supports the lambda = 0 parametrization.

Sequences

Weighted sampling without replacement is now supported, see rand::seq::index::sample_weighted and SliceRandom::choose_multiple_weighted.

There have been value-breaking changes to IteratorRandom::choose, improving accuracy and performance. Furthermore, IteratorRandom::choose_stable was added to provide an alternative that sacrifices performance for independence of iterator size hints.

Feature flags

StdRng is now gated behind a new feature flag, std_rng. This is enabled by default.

The nightly feature no longer implies the simd_support feature. If you were relying on this for SIMD support, you will have to use simd_support feature directly.

Tests

Value-stability tests were added for all distributions (rand#786), helping enforce our rules regarding value-breaking changes (see Reproducibility section).